The Land Ownership and The Debits Problem and Its Impact on Transformation of The Land in Ottoman Rule to Palestine: 1858 – 1917

Abstract

The study aims to identify the debit problem and its impact on transferring the ownership of the land in Palestine at the end of Ottoman state rule: (1858 –1917) from farmers to big owners and wealthiest. This will be done thorough identifying the factors which affecting agriculture from both sides: diseases and epidemics, or human forces such as, taxation, and especially ten and Al-Warko animal fees. These factors are mainly having contributed to the impoverishment of peasant. This is because they were paying most of their produce to the state, lenders, Almukhamin (The person who estimate the taxes) and Ghandermh (Ottoman police). As the reminder of the farmer production quotas after all payment above mention, is not sufficient to meet live expenses, they borrowing money from moneylenders and banks. However, when the from moneylenders and banks not granted loans only by ensuring land peasants to mortgage their land, the forced to cede their land to the wealthy merchants cities from the powerful and senior staff when they are unable to repay their loans. This is led to the transition of land from farmers to a new category of land owners has not worked on it.